Martins
gesammelte China-Nachrichten Nr. 22/06
Umwelt ¨C Gesundheit ¨C Energie ¨C Verkehr ¨C
Nachhaltige Entwicklung
und einige meiner persönlichen Highlights ...
Woche 22, 2006 (27.05.-02.06.2006)
*******
WEB-TIP:
http://china.org.cn/english/environment/33890.htm
WEB-TIP: http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/
WEB-TIP: http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/english/
WEB-TIP: Access to Chinese legislation.
ENERGY: China's oil supply faces risks, expert
says.
SUSTAINABILITY/ECONOMY: Circular Economy Law to
Improve
Efficiency.
ENERGY/EDUCATION: National Campaign Promotes
Energy
Saving.
CONSTRUCTION/ECONOMY/ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION:
Environmentally Damaging Projects to Be Blocked.
ENERGY: China, India, Brazil Could Slash Energy
Use.
ENERGY: GE Says China Sales Could Soar Amid
Energy Drive.
ECOLOGY/DESERTIFICATION: China Says It's Slowing
Rate of
Desertification.
ECOLOGY/DESERTIFICATION: China Deserts Eat Up
Arable
Land.
ENERGY: Japan, China Eye Energy Cooperation for
Better
Ties.
ENERGY: China's oil output set to rise, say
experts.
ENERGY: Qinghai Oilfield to be expanded.
ENERGY: Northwestern China's oilfield aims at 10
million
tons of output.
WATER POLLUTION: Pollution killing river they
said was
too big to poison.
ECONOMY/ENVIRONMENT: Opinion: Should we look
forward to
green GDP?
ENERGY: China to build four strategic oil
reserve bases ¡
ENERGY: China, an important safeguard of world
energy
security.
AIR POLLUTION: Air pollution serious in Chinese
cities.
ENERGY: Hot Summer May Stoke China Oil Demand
Rebound.
WATER MANAGEMENT: Drought-Stricken Beijing Faces
Dry
Olympics ¨C Report.
AIR POLLUTION: Ozone-sulphate Interaction
Influences
Climate Change.
WASTE MANAGEMENT: HK official urges better waste
separation.
WASTE MANAGEMENT: Nation to set up recycling
bases for
electronic wastes.
ECO-DESIGN: China sets "green standard" for
electronic imports.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: China to Inspect
Implementation
of Environmental Protection Law.
ABFALLWIRTSCHAFT:
Entsorgungssystem f¨¹r Medikamente in Peking
ENERGY: China needs clearer energy policy
guidance, says
official.
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS: Survey Reveals
Confusion on
Environmental Issues.
WATER MANAGEMENT: NE China Mega Water Diversion
Tunnel
Project Underway.
NATURE CONSERVATION: WB Offers US$100 Mln Loan
to China
to Stop Soil Erosion.
HEALTH/FOOD: Iodine Deficiency Battle Started in
Western
China.
HEALTH/FOOD: Iodine Deficiency Affects Baby
Brain Growth.
WATER MANAGEMENT: 68 collapses of reservoir
dykes
reported every year.
GESUNDHEIT:
Anti-Raucher Aktion verfehlt Ziel.
WASSERMANAGEMENT:
China verstärkt den Schutz der Wasserressourcen.
WASSERMANAGEMENT:
Wasserverbrauch soll bis 2010 um 30 Prozent sinken.
LUFTVERSCHMUTZUNG:
China bekämpft Luftverschmutzung in den Städten.
ENERGY: China, Africa, and Oil.
Ein paar sehr
interessante Berichte/Some interesting reports:
WEBSITE: Outline of the 11th
Five-Year-Plan.
WATER MANAGEMENT/POLICY: China Water
Conservation
Technology Policy Outline.
REPORT: Branchenstudie "Wassertechnik und
Wassermanagement
in der VR China".
REPORT: Chinas
Aufstieg: R¨¹ckkehr der Geopolitik?
*******
Die
Umwelt-Seiten von china.org.cn
Die
englische Version der Website der National Development and Reform
Commission
Chinas, des mächtigsten administrativen Organs. Zugriff 02.06.2006
Die
englische Version der Website des China Climate Change Info-Net. Auch
zum Thema
CDM in China usw. Zugriff 02.06.2006
http://www.chinalaw.gov.cn/.
China
Legislative Information Network System. Accessed 02.06.2006.
http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/english/law/lawDBSearch.jsp.
Data base of the National People¡¯s Congress. Accessed 02.06.2006.
*******
China's oil
supply is facing risks, which need to be solved mainly through domestic
efforts, an oil expert said. Zhu Jianjun, a researcher with China
National
Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), China's largest oil producer, said at a
forum on
China's energy strategy recently that it is not oil shortage but the
uneven
distribution of oil resources that caused instability in the world oil
market.
Soaring oil price is the first risk, Zhu said. Rapid growth of the
world
economy has led to a sharp rise of oil consumption in recent years.
Conflicts
and financial speculation also help to drive oil price higher.
Depreciation of
the U.S. dollar is another factor for the oil price hikes, he said.
According
to statistics, China spent 43 billion US dollars importing oil in 2004
and the
figure rose to over 50 billion US dollars in 2005. ¡ Transportation
also poses
a problem for China's oil supply, Zhu said. China now imports 140 to
150
million tons of oil a year, and over 70 percent of the imports have to
go
through the Malacca Straits in Southeast Asia. As the channel is now
near its
capacity, other channels have to be found, he said. China imported some
110
million tons of crude oil in 2004, but only 9 percent was shipped by
Chinese
oil tankers. According to statistics of Shanghai Shipping Exchange, by
October
2005 China had more than 590 oil tankers with a combined capacity of
only 12
million deadweight tons. To remove the risks, China must rely on
increasing
domestic oil and natural gas supply as well as develop overseas sources
to
ensure diversified supply and transportation channels, Zhu said. China
should
establish its own oil strategic reserve system and early warning
system,
improve energy efficiency and develop alternative energies to reduce
oil
consumption so as to ensure oil supply security, he said.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-05/27/content_4609449.htm,
accessed 28.05.2006, 060527_xinhuanet_erdoel.pdf
A circular
economy law to improve efficiency in the use of resources is expected
to come
into force in 2008, a member of the country's top environment
protection body
said on Friday. Speaking from the sidelines of a forum on China's
circular
economic development, Qian Yi, deputy director of the Environment and
Resources
Protection Committee under National People's Congress (NPC), said they
are
cooperating with the National Development and Reform Commission and the
State
Environment Protection Administration (SEPA) to enact such a law. The
initial
draft is expected to come out around the end of the first quarter of
the next
year and will be submitted to the NPC standing committee for
supervision, she
said. The law will mandate a clean development mode to produce the
maximum
amount of products with the minimum resources, she said. "The country's
goal of increasing energy efficiency will definitely get a shot in the
arm if
we enhance it to the height of a national law," Qian said. China
currently
consumes about 11 times the energy in producing US$1 worth of gross
domestic
product (GDP) as Japan, and five times that of the United States, she
said. Sun
Youhai, who heads the legislative office of the environment protection
committee, said the law would include systems to evaluate the
environmental
friendliness of products before they enter the market, to supervise
resource
property, to require the proper disposal of waste, and to establish an
accountability system for manufacturers. China has mapped out a plan to
reduce
energy consumption by 20 percent and main pollutants by 10 percent
while still
maintaining an average of 7.5 percent in GDP growth. ¡ Jiang Yaoping,
deputy
minister of the information industry, said China's information industry
faces
mounting pressure for more recycling and disposal of obsolete and
ageing
electrical appliances. China produced 300 million mobile phones last
year, half
of which are for sale domestically. It is estimated that 60 million
will be
sold to new subscribers, and the rest to people replacing old phones,
he said.
¡ Also on Friday, Zhou Shengxian, head of SEPA, vowed to stick to
efficiency,
transparency and fairness in SEPA's future environmental evaluation
work.
http://china.org.cn/english/government/169586.htm,
accessed 28.05.2006, 060527_cinaorgcn_kreislaufwirtschaft.pdf
Energy
efficiency will step into the spotlight in this year's nationwide
science
education campaign, said State Councilor Chen Zhili on Friday. In
March, the
central government issued its first 15-year plan on enhancing the
understanding
of science across China, part of its goal of building an innovation-led
country. Children, farmers, officials and migrant workers will be
targeted by
the campaign. "Every year from now on we will organize various themed
activities across the country," said Chen, who leads the campaign,
speaking at the closing ceremony of the seventh national congress of
the
Chinese Association of Science and Technology (CAST) the country's
largest science
organization. ¡ Xu Shanyan, a freshly-appointed committee member of
CAST,
blamed the country's education system for the low level of interest in
science.
"Our education system overemphasizes the importance of exams and has a
humdrum style," he said. "To promote science in the country, we
should inspire diversification," he added. ¡
http://china.org.cn/english/government/169624.htm,
accessed 28.05.2006, 060527_chinaorgcn_energie_bildungskampagne.pdf
¡ Zhou
Shengxian, director of the State Environmental Protection
Administration
(SEPA), said on Friday that "environmental impact assessments will set
the
standard and no development project which damages the environment will
get
approval." ¡ environmentally-damaging activities were occurring
nationwide. "Some areas have disregard the public's living environment
and
launched development projects in a blind and chaotic way," said Zhou.
"A number of projects that have produced serious pollution and damaged
the
ecology have even been cited as image projects." ¡ He said properly
conducted environmental impact assessments were the key to change the
appalling
situation in the country's environmental protection. Zhou had asked
environmental protection workers to be strict in examining and
approving
construction projects and to be stringent in inspections, while
maintaining
efficiency, openness and transparency. China has 68 organizations
specializing
in environmental impact assessments. Environmental protection officials
had
evaluated 55,000 construction projects in the last two years, and had
denied
approval for 1,190 projects, with investments totaling 170 billion yuan
(US$20.96 billion) for failing to meet environmental protection
standards. He
cited, as an example, the 525 power projects evaluated, of which 32
were
ordered to halt construction after failing to meet standards. Stringent
assessments could help curb the overheating investment in fixed assets
and
align construction supply more closely with demand, said Kuang Yaoqiu,
a fellow
researcher with the Guangzhou-based Institute of Geochemistry with the
Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS). The three environmental protection goals
SEPA hopes
to reach by 2010 are improvement in the quality of the environment in
major
regions and cities, environmental degradation brought under control,
and a 10
percent decrease in the discharge of major pollutants.
http://china.org.cn/english/environment/169600.htm,
accessed 28.05.2006, 060527_chinaorgcn_EIA.pdf
China,
India and Brazil could reduce energy use by a quarter with simple
efficiency
schemes but banks have been sluggish to lend to such projects, an
international
study said on Monday. The three-nation report, led by the World Bank
and the UN
Environment Programme, said many banks had overlooked chances to boost
their
profits by lending to help businesses cut energy waste while oil prices
hover
at around US$70 a barrel. "Cutting energy waste is the cheapest,
easiest,
fastest way to solve many energy problems, improve the environment and
enhance
both energy security and economic development," said Robert Taylor, a
World Bank energy specialist who led the study. Cost-effective
retrofits in
buildings and factories could reduce energy use by at least 25 percent
in
China, India and Brazil, it said of the four-year study. The
conclusions were
likely also to be true of other developing nations. ¡ China, India and
Brazil
are home to almost 2.6 billion people, about 40 percent of the world's
population. Their energy use and emissions from fossil fuels, widely
blamed for
global warming, are set to double by 2030. ¡
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36574/story.htm,
accessed 30.05.2006, 060530_planetark_energie.pdf
UNEP
press release ¡®Fighting Climate Change
through Energy Efficiency¡¯, http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=477&ArticleID=5278&l=en,
accessed 30.05.2006,060530_UNEP_klima_energie.pdf
3CountryEE
Integrated project report -
Executive Summary, http://3countryee.org/Reports/IntegratedReportExecSummary.pdf,
accessed
30.05.2006,UNEP_worldbank_Integrated_Report_Executive_Summary.pdf
3CountryEE
draft country report China, http://3countryee.org/Reports/DraftCountryReportChina.pdf,
accessed 30.05.2006,UNEP_worldbank_DraftCountryReportChina.pdf
3CountryEE
draft country report Brazil, http://3countryee.org/Reports/DraftCountryReportBrazil.pdf,
accessed 30.05.2006,UNEP_worldbank_DraftCountryReportBrazil.pdf
3CountryEE
draft country report India, http://3countryee.org/Reports/DraftCountryReportIndia.pdf,
accessed 30.05.2006,UNEP_worldbank_DraftCountryReportIndia.pdf
General
Electric Co., the world's second most valuable company, said it expects
sales
in China could double to US$10 billion by 2010, with some of that
growth coming
from the development of clean energy technologies. The International
Energy
Agency has said China needs to spend US$2.5 trillion by 2030 to meet
its energy
needs, but as a result of the country's already dynamic growth,
pollution has
become major issue because 70 percent of China's energy comes from
dirty-burning coal. It also frets about a growing dependence on
imported oil,
and so has pledged to double the portion of energy it gets from
renewable
sources by 2020. ¡ On Monday, the company also signed an agreement with
China's
National Development and Reform Commission to develop advanced
environmentally
friendly technologies. ¡ one example of these new technologies was coal
gasification, which ¡ could generate energy as cleanly as natural gas,
but at a
cost that is close to pulverised coal. ¡ The country plans to expand
energy
production with an extra 72 gigawatts of new capacity expected this
year,
rising from 66 gigawatts installed in 2005. Britain has total installed
capacity of about 80 gigawatts. ¡
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36575/story.htm,
accessed 30.05.2006, 060530_planetark_energie_2.pdf
China, with
desert covering one third of its landmass, is slowing the rate at which
desertification is eating up arable and other land but the problem
remains
serious ¡ At the end of the last century, areas affected by
desertification in
China were expanding at an annual rate of 10,400 square km (4,015 sq
mile) ¡
This had now slowed to about 3,000 square km a year, ¡ but despite the
progress, a lack of rainfall was also contributing to forest fires
across north
China. ¡ More than half a million sq km of land could yet be improved
to turn
back the deserts, and in some areas the sand was advancing at a fast
rate ¡
"Disadvantageous climatic reasons, especially the influence of drought
on
speeding up desertification, cannot be underestimated," he said.
"Over-planting,
over-grazing and over-use of water are also issues yet to be totally
resolved." On Monday, more than 20,000 police and fire-fighters were
battling three forest fires in the northern provinces of Heilongjiang
and Inner
Mongolia, which ¡ had been exacerbated by drought. Rainfall in the two
areas
has decreased by more than 30 percent this year, ¡
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36572/story.htm,
accessed 30.05.2006, 060530_planetark_desertifikation.pdf
See
also: China slows spread of encroaching
deserts, The Independent, 31.05.2006, http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article621778.ece,
accessed 30.05.2006, 060531_independent_desertifikation.pdf
By Lindsay
Beck. Lester Brown, of the Washington-based Earth Policy Institute,
said China
was far from arresting the problem he attributed to overgrazing and
falling
water tables in the country whose landmass is already one-third desert.
"There are huge areas there that were once productive grassland that
are
now desert," Brown told foreign correspondents. "It represents the
largest conversion of productive land to desert anywhere in the world."
China, which is plagued by sandstorms every spring, has embarked on a
campaign
to plant billions of trees ¡ "Here and there there are successful pilot
projects, but overall we are not anywhere close to arresting this
situation.
The deserts are expanding," he said. The number of livestock grazing
had
mushroomed since China began economic reforms in the late 1970s, and,
with
little management, the number of sheep and goats jumped to 339 million,
compared with about 7 million in the United States. ¡ Desertification,
which
officials at China's State Forestry Administration say is causing
direct
economic losses of about 54 billion yuan (US$6.7 billion) a year, was
also not
helped by poor management of water, Brown said. Water tables were
diminishing
in north China, causing rivers and land to dry out and affecting grain
harvests, especially of wheat, which is grown predominantly in the
drought-stricken northern provinces. China plans to pump water from
southern
rivers to the parched north in a project known as the South-North water
diversion scheme, but Brown said he doubted the efficacy of the plan
already
hampered by pollution and lack of adequate waste treatment. ¡
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36587/story.htm,
accessed 01.06.2006, 060531_planetark_desertifikation.pdf
¡
The two governments [of China and
Japan] agreed on Monday to launch a policy dialogue aimed at thrashing
out
specific projects and goals on energy conservation. Japan also agreed
to help
train Chinese specialists in energy conservation and coal-mining. ¡
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36577/story.htm,
accessed 30.05.2006, 060530_planetark_energie_3.pdf
See
also: ¡®Nations Agree to Work Together on
Energy Saving and Environment¡¯, http://china.org.cn/english/environment/169837.htm,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060530_chinaorgcn_energie_japan.pdf
¡ Zhai
Guangming, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said
at a
recent forum on energy strategy that from 2006 to 2010, China's annual
oil
output is likely to reach 185 million tonnes to 195 million tonnes.
China will
be able to keep such a quantum of output for the next 10 to 15 years,
he said.
China produced 182 million tonnes of crude oil in 2005 with its
dependency on
overseas crude oil and oil products reaching 42.9 per cent. ¡
http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/29/stories/2006052903631400.htm,
accessed 30.05.2006, 060529_hindu_erdoel.pdf
See
also ¡®Stable long-term oil supply
predicted¡¯, http://english.people.com.cn//200605/29/eng20060529_269317.html,
accessed 31.05.2006, 060529_peoplesdaily_erdoel_2.pdf
After its
oil and gas output topping 435 tons last year, Qinghai Oilfield,
located on the
Qinghai-Tibet plateau, will install 10-million-ton oil and gas capacity
during
the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). The Oilfield, with 120,000 sq
kilometers of exploration area, has 327.95 million tons of proved crude
oil
reserve and 306.4 billion cubic meters of natural gas.
http://english.people.com.cn//200605/29/eng20060529_269435.html,
accessed 31.05.2006, 060529_peoplesdaily_erdoel.pdf
Northwest
China's Qinghai Oilfield aims at 4.85 million tons of annual oil and
gas output
in 2006 and 10 million tons by 2010, said Huang Ligong, general manager
of the
oilfield. ¡ Qaidam Basin constitutes the bulk of Qinghai Oilfield. At
the end
of 2004, proven oil reserves in the basin amounted to 400 million tons,
and
proven natural gas reserves were 400.5 billion cubic meters. ¡
http://english.people.com.cn/200603/13/eng20060313_250256.html,
accessed 31.05.2006, 060313_peoplesdaily_erdoel.pdf
By Jonathan
Watts. China's biggest river, the Yangtze, is being poisoned by
pollution, the
state media reported yesterday in an unusually outspoken call for an
environmental clean-up. ¡ the Xinhua news agency quoted hydrologists as
saying
that the water is "cancerous" and a threat to marine life and
drinking supplies in 186 cities along its banks. The 3,964-mile-long
river
supports 400 million people - one in every 15 people on the planet. Its
vast
delta, which covers the megacities of Shanghai, Chongqing, Wuhan and
Nanjing,
is the powerhouse of China's economy, accounting for 40% of the
national GDP.
Despite the pollution problems that have ruined most of China's rivers,
it has
long been assumed that the Yangtze was too big to poison, because
toxins were
diluted and flushed by the 900bn tonnes of water that flow into its
estuary every
year. ¡ Yuan Aiguo, a professor with the China University of
Geosciences, told
the agency ¡ that 70% of Yangtze water could be classed as unusable
within five
years unless tougher measures are introduced to curb toxic discharges.
Government advisers warn that 25bn tonnes of waste water is dumped in
the river
every year, 80% of it untreated. Most comes from factories and cities,
but the
vast majority of the 21,000 ships that navigate the river each year
also ignore
regulations banning the discharge of sewage. ¡ Lu Jianjian, a professor
at
Shanghai's East China Normal University, noted that the number of
marine
species has declined from 126 to 52 during the past 20 years of
breakneck
development. Xinhua quoted other experts who warned that the level of
pollution
would also kill off plants and turn the Yangtze into a dead river ¡
http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1786272,00.html,
accessed 01.06.2006, 060531_guardian_OW.pdf
http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id=a9a6b4c7-ca02-4dfc-8999-26dad5cc0110,
accessed 01.06.2006, 060530_canadacom.pdf
See
also: ¡®China's Longest River
"Cancerous" With Pollution¡¯, http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36588/story.htm,
accessed 01.06.2006, 060531_planetark_OW.pdf
lthough
related ministry of the Chinese government has denied the report by
foreign
media that China will give up its green GDP program, comments and
discussions
about the issue are still going on. This is an evidence that green GDP
has
aroused great attention from the public. It has been over a year since
people
started to heatedly discuss the issue. But why hasn't the program been
carried
out yet? In fact, it is far more difficult than one can imagine. So
far, there
isn't any country in the world that can calculate their overall
resource and
environment cost in order to get a complete green GDP. The major
difficulty for
the environmental economic settlement is how to quantify the value of
environmental
resources and the government's service function. But the question is
whether
such a technical difficulty means that we should give up our
expectation on
green GDP. ¡ The green GDP is in sharp contrast to blindly seeking GDP
growth
because the former intends to discount the resource and environment
cost caused
by economic growth. This reflects an important index in sustainable
development. But now the problem is that while we are expecting green
GDP, have
we simplified the issue too much? ¡
http://english.people.com.cn//200605/31/eng20060531_270070.html,
accessed 01.06.2006, 060531_peoplesdaily_green_GDP.pdf
In 2004,
China launched its phase I project to build 4 strategic petroleum
reserve
bases. Among them, the one in Zhenhai, Zhejiang Province, will be put
into use
at the end of this year, and the other three in Daishan, Zhejiang
Province,
Huangdao Shandong Province and Dalian, Liaoning Province will be
completed in
2007 or 2008, according to an article by Xiong Guangkai, director of
China
Institute for International Strategic Studies. The article says China
ranks the
second in energy production and energy consumption worldwide, but the
per
capita oil holding is lower than half of the world average. ¡ To
balance the
supply and demand in energy, China ¡ has given energy efficiency high
priority.
Building a resources-conserving society and decreasing by 20 percent of
energy
consumption per unit of GDP are laid out in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan
(2006-2010). In addition, China will speed up development of
alternative energy
and increase import of oil from Russia, Middle Asia, Africa, and Latin
America
besides Middle East.
http://english.people.com.cn//200605/31/eng20060531_270051.html,
accessed 01.06.2006, 060531_peoplesdaily_erdoelreserven.pdf
China is a
very important force that could maintain and safeguard world energy
security,
said Xiong Guangkai, chairman of the China Institute for International
Strategic Studies (CIISS), in his article published on the Study Times,
a newspaper
sponsored by the Party School of the CPC Central Committee. ¡
Die
offizielle Sichtweise. Der Artikel enthält aber auch einige
statistische
Angaben und Prognosen zu Kohleimport, Erneuerbaren Energien,
Wirtschaftswachstum ...
http://english.people.com.cn//200606/01/eng20060601_270324.html,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060601_peoplesdaily_energie.pdf
See
also ¡®China not a threat to world energy
security¡¯, http://english.people.com.cn//200606/01/eng20060601_270323.html,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060601_peoplesdaily_energie_2.pdf
Chinese
government will take firm measures to realize the goal in controlling
the total
quantity of sulphur dioxide during the period of the11th Five-Year
plan, said
Zhou Shengxian, chief of State Environmental Protection Administration.
Air
pollution in Chinese cities is still serious, which is shown by the
result that
39.7% of 522 cities monitored in 2005 are in moderate or the specific
level
pollution. The total quantity of national sulphur dioxide's discharge
will
reduce by 10%, comparing to that at the end of the 10th Five-Year
period, said
Zhou on the national air pollution preventing and controlling
conference held
on May 30 in Tianjin, according to State Environmental Protection
Administration. Chinese atmospheric environment situation is still
extremely
stern, and the problem of city air pollution is still prominent. Only
4.2%
Chinese cities achieved grade one of the National Ambient Air Quality,
and
56.1% cities got grade two, according to Zhou.
http://english.people.com.cn//200606/01/eng20060601_270329.html,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060601_peoplesdaily_luft.pdf
¡ A heat
wave is unlikely to cause a spike in diesel and fuel oil use like the
one that
roiled world markets in 2004, when power demand outstripped supply and
the
country turned to oil-fired generators to keep factories and air
conditioners
running. But it could mean a greater need for fuel oil and diesel
powered peak
supplies than now expected. The National Development and Reform
Commission
(NDRC) has forecast in March a shortfall of under 10 gigawatts this
summer,
less than half last year's level and a quarter of the 2004 gap.
However, the
government is now urging caution as the Chinese economy continues to
grow at or
above 10 percent. "This year droughts, floods and other extreme weather
conditions are likely to be more frequent than in recent years," said
Ou
Xinqian, deputy head of the energy policy-setting NDRC. "Electricity
demand and the summer peak load may break forecasts, we cannot afford
to
relax," he was quoted as saying in a report on the commission Web site.
¡
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36609/story.htm,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060106_planetark_energie.pdf
As the
driest major city in the world -- with average water resources per
person
one-thirtieth of the world's -- the Olympic capital faces a water
shortage of
1.1 billion cubic metres in 2008, the Beijing News quoted Ma Weifang, a
state
environmental official, as saying. ¡ China plans to pump water from
southern
rivers to the parched north in a project known as the South-North water
diversion scheme but environmentalists have raised doubts about the
massive
scheme's efficacy given serious pollution in China's waterways. ¡
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/36603/story.htm,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060106_planetark_wasser_beijing.pdf
Nowadays,
there is an increasing realisation that air quality and climate change
are
strongly connected. Troposheric ozone (O3) and sulphate, both active
air
pollutants, are suspected of playing an important role in this
connection.
Sulphate aerosols reduce incoming solar radiation and therefore surface
temperatures, by scattering sunlight and by increasing cloud
reflectivity.
Ozone is a greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming. Both of them
are
secondary pollutants, formed through reactions of directly emitted
precursor
species in the presence of sunlight in the atmosphere. Ozone is formed
through
the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as methane, and
nitrogen oxides (NOx). Sulphate aerosol is formed from the oxidation of
sulphur
dioxide. The two pollutants are interconnected since sulphate affects
O3 and
the oxidant chemistry by providing a surface for the conversion of NOx
to
nitric acid, thus limiting the formation of O3. This interaction is
expected to
evolve in response to changes in man-made emissions of precursors'
gases and to
changes in physical climate, in turn causing further climate change. To
date,
the interaction between ozone and sulphate and its influence on climate
have
not yet been considered and quantified, and so regulations always treat
these
two pollutants separately.
New American
research has examined the impacts of man-made emissions and physical
climate
changes (e.g. changes in the hydrological cycle) on tropospheric O3 and
sulphate composition by 2030. The greenhouse gas emissions forecast for
2030
were based on the A1B scenario from the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate
Change. This foresees significant global increases in CO, NOx, CH4, SO2
and VOC
emissions. An atmospheric composition-climate model was used to
investigate
future interactions between troposheric ozone (O3) and sulphate
aerosols.
The results
of the analysis indicate that, by 2030, increased O3 precursor
emissions will
enhance the oxidation of SO2 into sulphate aerosol, thus increasing
surface
sulphate pollution over India and China by up to 20%. Changes in SO2
emissions
do not, however, significantly affect O3.
Therefore,
the increased O3 precursor emissions would lead to large increases in
both O3
and sulphate surface air pollution in Asia. Indirectly they would
increase the
cooling effect of sulphate on climate by 20% for that region compared
to
current levels. The potential consequences of such a large increase on
sulphate
aerosols and O3 pollution may have important social and economical
impacts in
the affected regions due to their adverse impacts on human health.
Moreover,
the increase in sulphate aerosols is likely to impact the hydrological
cycle
and the climate in the region, which in turn would affect ecosystems
and
agriculture.
The current
study gives new insights about the cross influences of ozone and
sulphate on
air quality and climate. It illustrates how regulatory policies
concerning SO2
emissions should also consider changes in O3 precursor emissions.
Source:
Unger N. et al. (2006) Cross influences
of ozone and sulphate precursor emissions changes on air quality and
climate,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103/12, 4377-4380.
European
Commission DG-ENV Science for
Environment Policy Newsletter, 01.06.2006, by e-mail,
060601_EC_DG_ENV_newsletter_kompost_luft.pdf
Hong Kong
Secretary for the Environment, Transport & Works Dr Sarah Liao says
introducing more convenient refuse separation methods will encourage
residents
to participate in the domestic waste source separation programme.
Speaking
after the Forum on Source Separation of Domestic Waste on May 26, Dr
Liao said
Hong Kong's household refuse recycling rate is 16%, adding the
Government will
review the effectiveness of the separation programme later this year.
She also asked
property management companies to come up with more innovative and
convenient
ways to encourage residents to join the programme. Since its January
2005
launch, more than 340 housing estates have enrolled in the Source
Separation of
Domestic Waste Programme, covering 427,000 households and a population
of 1.5
million. Separation facilities About 120 housing estates have provided
waste
separation facilities on each building floor while others have
committed to
improving facilities and broadening the scope of recyclables to be
recovered.
About 60 estates have achieved an overall 50% increase in the quantity
of
recyclables collected while generating up to 4% less waste. Admitting
it will
be more difficult to introduce the programme in individual residential
buildings,
Dr Liao said the Government will study the Buildings Ordinance to see
if
anything can be done through legislation. The Environmental Protection
Department has published the Guidebook on Source Separation of Waste in
Residential Buildings. The guidebook provides guidelines for property
management companies and residents' organisations to adopt the best
mode of
waste separation and recovery tailor-made to suit its particular
physical
constraints and other characteristics, by setting up appropriate waste
separation facilities on each floor. It also details the building and
fire
safety requirements to be complied by property management companies in
setting
up separation facilities on each floor.
http://english.gov.cn/2006-05/26/content_291544.htm,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060526_govcn_HK_abfall_trennung.pdf
See:
Hong Kong programme on source separation
of domestic waste, http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/waste_super3r.html,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060410_hongkong_abfalltrennung.pdf
Download:
Hong Kong EPD: Guidebook on Source
Separation of Waste in Residential Buildings, http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/guidebook06.html,
accessed 02.06.2006,
Hongkong_guide_source_separation_household_waste.pdf
China is
planning to set up recycling bases for electronic wastes, an official
with the
Ministry of Information Industry said Tuesday. Waste electric home
appliances,
deserted mobile phones and batteries bring heavy pollution to the
environment
and people's life, said the official who asked not to be identified.
China
would make a plan of electronic waste recycling and set up such bases
in
several regions, the official said. He did not tell when the bases
would be
finished. Investment in the recycling projects would be mainly from
private
investors, and the government would also give some financial support,
the
official added. Electronic waste recycling is blank in China and the
new
projects would boost a new industry, said the official. As electronic
products
develop very fast, more and more of them are being replaced by new
ones.
Deserted computers, handsets and so on heavily pollute the environment.
Statistics
show that one set of computer contains more than 700 kinds of chemical
materials, over 50 percent harmful to human beings.
http://english.gov.cn/2006-05/17/content_282529.htm,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060517_govcn_e_schrott.pdf
China's
Ministry of Information Industry (MII) issued a regulation on Friday
which set
"green standard" for imported electronic products. The regulation,
which will take effect from March 1, 2007, forbids the import of
e-products
that do not meet China's national standards on the amount of poisonous
and
harmful materials, which include lead, mercury, cadmium and hexad
chromium.
Experts estimate that around 80 percent of the world's highly polluting
e-products are imported to Asia, of which 90 percent come to China.
China has
become a major victim of e-garbage. The regulation has been set to
control
pollution brought about by deserted e-products and to encourage
manufacture of
products with low pollution, said a spokesman of the ministry.
E-products,
which come under the new law, include computers, home appliances and
mobile
phones. The names and content of poisonous and harmful materials should
be marked
in the process of product designing, manufacturing, sales and import,
the
regulation said. Products that do not meet national or industrial
standards
should not be sold on the domestic market, it said. The ministry, along
with
the State Administration of Environmental Protection (SAEP), will
define the
"green standard". A list of major polluting e-products will be made
by seven ministries including the MII, SAEP and the Ministry of
Commerce.
Violations against the regulation will be punished but no specific
measures are
mentioned. The regulation also said the MII will support the
development of
"green products". As export destinations set different standards on
e-products, the regulation would not work for exports.
http://english.gov.cn/2006-03/03/content_217522.htm,
accessed 02.06.2006, 060303_govcn_umweltfreundliche_produkte.pdf
The
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), China's
legislature, has ordered inspections of the implementation of three
environmental protection laws on solid wastes, water and air pollution
after
hearing how pollution is increasingly affecting sustainable
development.
Inspection teams will survey progress in Beijing and the provinces of
Shanxi,
Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, while ten other provincial people's
congresses are
asked to examine local law enforcement in May and June. They will focus
on
water source protection in urban and rural regions, urban waste water
disposal,
water pollution prevention and treatment of rivers near chemical or
paper
plants, disposal of solid -- particularly dangerous -- wastes,
prevention and
control of air pollution caused by thermal power generation,
metallurgy, cement
and chemical industries as well as motor vehicles. Statistics from the
State
Environmental Protection Administration show water pollution is still a
serious
problem. Nearly one third of the 744 river sections under state
monitoring are
badly polluted and all river sections in cities are contaminated. In
addition,
one fifth of cities have serious air pollution and150 million mu (10
million
hectares) of arable land are affected by industrial wastes. ¡
http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/169199.htm, accessed 02.06.2006,
060523_chinaorgcn_gesetzesvollzug.pdf
Am Dienstag sind
die ersten Abfallbehälter f¨¹r nicht benötigte Medikamente in zehn
Wohnvierteln
im Stadtbezirk Chaoyang in Peking aufgestellt worden. Derzeit existiert
noch
kein Abfallsystem f¨¹r ¨¹berfl¨¹ssige Medikamente in China. Zahlreiche
¨¹berfällige
Arzneimittel, die unsachgemäß entsorgt werden, stellen eine Gefahr
sowohl f¨¹r
Menschen als auch f¨¹r die Umwelt dar. Das Aufstellen spezieller
Sammelbehälter
f¨¹r Medikamente in Wohngebieten soll zur Entsorgung ¨¹berfälliger
Arzneimittel
beitragen und die Sicherheit und Gesundheit der Menschen sch¨¹tzen.
http://de.ce.cn/aktuelles/nachrichten/nachrichten/200605/11/t20060511_120981.shtml,
Zugriff 03.06.2006, 060511_dececn_altmedikamente.pdf
F¨¹nfzehn
hochrangige Mitarbeiter von Umweltschutzbehörden aus 10 arabischen
Ländern,
darunter Jordanien, Jemen, Syrien und Ägypten, haben am Freitag eine
15tägige
Ausbildung in China begonnen. Dabei sollen sie Kenntnisse ¨¹ber den
Schutz vor
Wasserverschmutzung und die Verwaltung von Wasserressourcen erwerben.
Es ist
der erste derartige Ausbildungskurs f¨¹r Mitarbeiter aus arabischen
Ländern im
Bereich Umweltschutz. Ziel der Ausbildung ist, den arabischen Ländern
bei der
Bewältigung von Problemen der Reinhaltung von Wasser und Überwindung
von
Engpässen bei Wasserversorgung zu helfen....
http://de.chinabroadcast.cn/221/2006/06/02/1@49856.htm,
Zugriff 03.06.2006, 060602_chinabroadcast_ausbildung.pdf
China needs
clearer government guidance on energy policy, stronger institutions and
more
people working on policy if it is to tackle rapid growth in oil demand,
a
senior World Bank official said on Friday. The world¡¯s second-largest
oil
consumer faces energy problems ranging from a rising dependence on
crude
imports and inefficient industry to the environmental toll of
dirty-burning
coal. The conference co-hosts believe China, a net exporter of crude
until
little over a decade ago, needs to restore a cabinet-level energy
ministry, the
official China Daily reported. Beijing dismantled its energy ministry
in 1993
and brought energy affairs under the control of the National
Development and
Reform Commission, the country¡¯s top economic planner. In 2003, it set
up an
energy bureau and last year it added a vice-ministerial level energy
office,
but together they have fewer than 100 employees ... The conference,
involving
academics, World Bank officials and Chinese policy makers, was
subtitled ¡°The
closing window of opportunity¡± ¡ª because China¡¯s massive capacity
expansions
mean that decisions taken now could determine energy consumption for
many
years. ¡ Last year, China imported more than 40 percent of its oil and
this is
expected to grow, despite a government energy-saving drive, as
consumption
climbs and domestic output hits a peak sometime within the next 10
years. ¡
Vast coal reserves and the potential of renewable energy, such as wind
and
solar power, mean officials are optimistic about boosting domestic
supply.
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C06%5C03%5Cstory_3-6-2006_pg5_15,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060603_dailytimes_energie.pdf
¡ Conducted
by the China Environment Culture Promotion Association (CECPA), the
survey
focuses on public awareness of environmental protection. Ma Ning,
secretary-in-chief of CECPA, said the association questioned 3,777
people from
20 cities, towns and villages in seven parts of China. On a basis of
100 marks,
the average final score given by those who took part is 68.05, which is
far
from satisfying, he said. ¡ More than 80 percent said they are "very
concerned" about environmental protection, garbage disposal and sewage
processing. However most people lacked a clear view on what
environmental
issues are, simply putting them as "environmental protection," Ma
said. ¡ Only 6 percent of respondents had taken part in environmental
protection activities in the last three months, while more than 80
percent said
they "rarely" take part in such activities. More than 40 percent said
they would not decide what they could do until they actually faced an
environmental activity, which shows a lack of understanding and little
sense of
participation, said Ma. "Though people's right to participate
environmental supervision is guaranteed by law, they don't know how to
use the
right," he said. "We hope our survey can give the government a push
towards producing a regulation specifying how and when people should
use this
right," he added.
http://china.org.cn/english/environment/170100.htm,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060601_chinaorgcn_public_awareness.pdf
In a few years, the central area of Liaoning Province, northeast China, will receive an additional 1.8 billion cubic meters of water annually for local people and for agricultural and industrial production. Construction of an 85.3-km-long tunnel, said to be the longest tunnel in the world, is proceeding smoothly and is expected to be completed at the end of 2008. It will cost 5.2 billion yuan (about US$650 million). Approximately 10 million people in central Liaoning Province will benefit from the water diversion tunnel, which starts at the Huanren Manchu Autonomous County in [the mountain regions of] eastern Liaoning and ends at Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County in the west. The water diversion tunnel, with a diameter of eight meters, runs more than 50 mountains and some 50 rivers before it reaches the central part of Liaoning, a traditional industrial base of China. The region is short of water, with per capita water resources less than 700 cubic meters. According to international standards, regions with per capita water resources of less than 2,000 cubic meters are taken as places with serious water shortage. ¡
http://china.org.cn/english/environment/169965.htm,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060531_chinaorgcn_tunnel_wasser.pdf
¡ in the country's central and southwestern provinces. The Yangtze/Pearl River Watershed Rehabilitation Project will soon get underway in the provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hubei and Chongqing Municipality ¡ The project, ¡ will last six years and be implemented in 38 cities and counties of the four provinces and municipalities¡ These regions have been suffering serious soil erosion caused by local natural conditions and human activity and report soil erosion to more than 47.5 percent of the total land area. Due to deterioration of ecological environment and natural adversities, people in 22 counties out of the 38 counties selected for the program suffer from poverty, ¡ Funds from the project will be used to build hillside terraces, protect mountain slopes, plant more trees and orchards, building water treatment facilities, promote the use of biogas all in an effort to encourage soil and water conservation. The project will also have an educational component that will increase environmental awareness among local farmers and the general public.
http://china.org.cn/english/environment/167902.htm,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060510_chinaorgcn_erosion.pdf
Chinese health authorities have greatly reduced the incidence of iodine deficiency, but much work is still needed at provincial and county level, the Ministry of Health said Wednesday. "In some areas, especially in western regions, measures to fortify salt with iodine have not been sufficiently completed," said ministry spokesman Mao Qun'an. In Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Sichuan, Chongqing, Gansu and Hainan, iodine deficiency still existed and only 87 percent of the counties monitored use iodized salt, ¡ China has 720 million people living in iodine-deficient regions. The government started an iodized salt program in 1995. ¡ A survey ¡ last year showed 90.2 percent of Chinese used iodized salt. ¡
http://china.org.cn/english/Life/168045.htm,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060511_chinaorgcn_iod.pdf
¡ In China, some 600,000 to one million newborns out of an annual total of 20 million do not get sufficient iodine, said Chen Zupei, head of China iodine deficiency panel. According to the research [by Tianjin Medical University], the average intelligence in babies not getting enough iodine is 10 to 12 points lower than those whose do. It is estimated that 700 million people in China suffered iodine deficiency in the 1960s and 1970s. The Chinese government has implemented an iodized salt program to assist alleviate the problem. However, there were still 65 million who hadn't access to the salt, said Chen. ¡
http://china.org.cn/english/2006/May/168516.htm,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060516_chinaorgcn_iod.pdf
The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters of China has called for more attention to be paid to the safety of reservoirs following reports that 68 dykes collapse every year, causing casualties and economic losses. From 1954 to 2005 dykes collapsed at 3,486 reservoirs across China, said Secretary General E Jingping, who is also vice minister of water resources. There are 85,160 reservoirs in the country. ¡ The official also attributed the dyke collapses to the poor quality and management of reservoirs and their personnel's lack of responsibility. The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters has made films and compiled brochures on disaster prevention and have begun to distribute them to reservoirs.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-06/03/content_4640519.htm,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060603_xinhuanet_staudamm.pdf
Die gegenwärtig
laufende Anti-Raucher Kampagne drohe auf Grund fehlender finanzieller
Unterst¨¹tzung durch die Regierung und mangelnder gesellschaftlicher
Aufmerksamkeit
zu versagen, sagte Xu Guihua, stellvertretende Vorsitzende der
Chinesischen
Gesellschaft f¨¹r Tabakkontrolle ... „In den großen ländlichen Regionen
Chinas
ist das öffentliche Bewusstsein gegen¨¹ber den Schäden die Rauchen
hervorruft
auf Grund mangelnder Informationen sehr niedrig", ... "Als
Nichtregierungsorganisation will die Chinesische Gesellschaft f¨¹r
Tabakkontrolle die Öffentlichkeit ¨¹ber Tabakkontrolle informieren. Aber
was
können wir ohne Geld schon machen?", sagt Xu. Es sollte so bald wie
möglich
eine landesweite Regelung entworfen werden, die das Rauchen an
öffentlichen
Orten untersagt, schlägt Xu vor. Es gäbe auch keine nationalen Gesetze
oder
Regelungen in China die den Verkauf von Zigaretten an Jugendliche
verbieten.
Beijing hat bereits vor 10 Jahren eine Regelung erlassen, die das
Rauchen an
öffentlichen Orten untersagt, aber auf Grund mangelnder Durchsetzung
und
fehlendem öffentlichen Bewusstsein, wird an solchen Orten nach wie vor
geraucht. China hat versprochen, im Jahr 2008 eine "rauchfreie"
Olympiade zu organisieren. ... Das Gesundheitsministerium hat bereits
Pläne
vorgelegt, mit denen dieses Ziel erreicht werden soll. "Rauchen wird
Ende
2007 in allen Krankenhäusern die f¨¹r die Spiele zur Verf¨¹gung stehen
untersagt.
Das Verbot wird während der Spiele auf alle Veranstaltungsstätten,
öffentliche
Plätze, öffentliche Verkehrsmittel und B¨¹ros ausgedehnt", sagt Zhang
Bin,
stellvertretender Direktor der Abteilung f¨¹r Gesundheitsf¨¹rsorge f¨¹r
Schwangere
und Kinder sowie der Gemeinden des Ministeriums.
http://www.china-guide.de/china/China-News/deutsch.html?id=447ea6287127d,
Zugriff 03.06.2006, 060601_chinaguidede_rauchen.pdf
China wird in den
nächsten f¨¹nf Jahren den Schutz der Wasserressourcen verstärken und
damit die
Trinkwassersicherheit und die ökologische Sicherheit der Fl¨¹sse
sicherstellen.
Dies sagte Hu Siyi, stellvertretender chinesischer Minister f¨¹r
Wasserwirtschaft am Sonntag auf der Arbeitssitzung ¨¹ber
Wasserressourcen 2006
in der nordwestchinesischen Stadt Ordos. ... in den kommenden f¨¹nf
Jahren werde
China ein Verwaltungssystem der Quellgebiete f¨¹r Trinkwassers
etablieren, die
Notmaßnahmen im Fall gravierender Wasserverschmutzung verbessern und
das
Fr¨¹hwarnsystem ausbauen. Gleichzeitig sollen wassersparende
Technologien in der
Landwirtschaft und in der Industrie gefördert werden, um die
ökonomische
Nutzung der Wasserressourcen zu verbessern. In China beträgt das
Pro-Kopf-S¨¹ßwasservorkommen lediglich 2300 Kubikmeter und entspricht
damit nur
einem Viertel des weltweiten Durchschnitts. China gehört demnach
international
zu den Ländern mit den geringsten Wasserressourcen pro Kopf.
http://www.china-guide.de/china/China-News/deutsch.html?id=447ea49d6eb6d,
Zugriff 03.06.2006, 060601_chinaguidede_trinkwasser.pdf
China will seine
Wasserressourcen effizienter nutzen. Der Verbrauch soll bis 2010 um 30
Prozent
sinken, hieß es auf einer Konferenz zu den Wasserressourcen des Landes
in der
autonomen Region Innere Mongolei. ... China leidet unter starker
Wasserknappheit. Von den 600 chinesischen Städten sind 110 ernsthaft
von dem
Wassermangel betroffen, darunter auch 26 Städte am Jangtse, dem
längsten Fluss
des Landes. ... Ein Studie ¨¹ber die Wasserressourcen Chinas ergab, dass
das
Wasservolumen der Fl¨¹sse und anderer Wasserquellen in Nordchina
geradezu
dramatisch um 12 Prozent zur¨¹ckgegangen sind, während die in S¨¹dchina
um knapp
5 Prozent zugenommen haben. In den vergangenen 5 Jahren hatten 320
Millionen
Chinesen auf dem Land keine stabile Wasserversorgung, rund 35 Prozent
der
Landbewohner. 25,6 Millionen Hektar Agrarland verf¨¹gen ¨¹ber keine
Bewässerungsmöglichkeiten.
http://www.china-guide.de/china/China-News/deutsch.html?id=447ea4870a9de,
Zugriff 03.06.2006, 060601_chinaguidede_wassermangel.pdf
Der Direktor des
staatlichen chinesischen Amtes f¨¹r Umweltschutz Zhou Shengxian hat am
Dienstag
in der nordchinesischen Stadt Tianjin erklärt, dass China die
Luftverschmutzung
in Städten umfassend und verstärkt bekämpfen wird. Bis zum Jahr 2010
soll die
Luftqualität in ¨¹ber 65 Prozent der chinesischen Städte mindestens 80
Prozent
des Jahres einwandfrei sein. ... Ein transparentes System zur
Veröffentlichung
der Messdaten zur Luftqualität soll durchgesetzt und die
Luftverschmutzung in
den Städten bekämpft werden. In China gibt es bereits ein System
gesetzlicher
Vorschriften und Normen zur Prävention und Regulierung der
Luftverschmutzung
...
http://www.china-guide.de/china/China-News/deutsch.html?id=447ea4700a9ea,
Zugriff 03.06.2006, 060601_chinaguidede_luft.pdf
By Esther
Pan. As global demand for energy continues to rise, major players like
the
United States, European Union (EU), and Japan are facing a new
competitor in
the race to secure long-term energy supplies: China. The rapidly
growing Asian
nation has crafted its foreign policy goals around getting the
resources needed
to sustain its economic development, and is taking its quest to lock
down
sources of oil and other necessary raw materials across the globe. With
the
Middle East mired in long-term instability, China is increasingly
turning
toward another major oil producer whose risks and challenges have
caused it to
be overlooked by much of the rest of the world: Africa.
Highly
recommended analysis.
http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/china_africa_and_oil.html?breadcrumb=default,
accessed 03.06.2006, 060112_crf_erdoel_afrika.pdf
A number of
jpgs presenting the key policy issues of the 11th FYP.
Including
e.g. maps on the planned extension of the railway and express route nets
http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/hot/t20060529_71334.htm,
accessed 02.06.2006
http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/policyrelease/t20050621_8427.htm,
accessed 02.06.2006, 050421_NDRC_water_conservation_policy_outline.pdf
Bundesagentur
f¨¹r Außenwirtschaft, 2006, 70
Seiten, 2 Abbildungen, 27 Tabellen, broschiert, IN A4, ISBN
3-86643-466-9,
Ladenpreis: EUR 60,00. Mitvertrieb durch die DWA: http://www.dwa.de/news/news-ref.asp?ID=2455
Will die VR
China mit ihrem rasanten ökonomischen Wachstum und dem vor allem in den
Städten
steigenden Lebensniveau weiter Schritt halten, sind hohe Investitionen
im
Wasserver- und -entsorgungsbereich nötig. Die Branchenstudie gibt einen
Überblick ¨¹ber Ressourcen, Institutionen und Normen der
Wasserwirtschaft sowie
den Stand bei Wasserversorgung und Abwasserentsorgung in China. ¡ die
Marktchancen f¨¹r ausländische Anbieter in wichtigen Bedarfsfeldern,
erste
Privatisierungsansätze und aktuelle Projekte ...
DWA/GFA-Newsletter.
Ausgabe 53, Juni 2006, per
E-Mail
http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/english/news/newsDetail.jsp?id=2204&articleId=345067,
accessed 02.06.2006,
China_law_prevention_environmental_pollution_solid_waste.pdf
Der Aufstieg
Chinas als internationale Wirtschaftskraft und als politische Macht hat
Konsequenzen f¨¹r die internationale Arbeitsteilung, die
Energiesicherheit und
die Zukunft des internationalen Systems. Das zunehmende wirtschaftliche
Gewicht
der Volksrepublik, ihre politische Stellung in Asien und anderen
Weltregionen
und die mögliche Machtkonkurrenz zwischen China und den USA sind auch
f¨¹r die
deutsche und europäische Politik von eminenter Bedeutung. Sie werden
die
Beziehungen Europas zu den USA nicht unber¨¹hrt lassen. Die Stiftung
Wissenschaft und Politik hat am 18.01.2006 in einer eintägigen
Veranstaltung
die aktuelle Diskussion ¨¹ber die internationale Dimension des Aufstiegs
Chinas
thematisiert. ...
http://www.swp-berlin.org/de/produkte/swp_studie.php?PHPSESSID=4741c2e5bb5a2258205f3ca8d1fd1234&id=5522,
Zugriff 03.06.2006, 060118_swp_tagung_china.pdf
Download
der Studie: http://www.swp-berlin.org/de/common/get_document.php?id=1594,
Zugriff 03.06.2006, SWP_China_wacker.pdf